??????? (L ) calculations are not allowed to design errors including strength, improper material selection, the appearance of the equipment is not safe, the structure design is not reasonable, operation mechanism is improper, not safety device design etc.. Even if the design staff use the manipulator is correct, if the configuration on the control board position properly, may also make the operator to manipulate the confusion and error, or not appropriate to increase the reaction time operator and busy in error.
??????? 設(shè)計(jì)職員還應(yīng)留意作業(yè)環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)，不適當(dāng)?shù)牟倏v位置和勞動(dòng)姿勢都可能引起操縱職員疲憊或思想緊張而輕易出錯(cuò)。
??????? Designers also should pay attention to the design of operating environment, inappropriate manipulation position and working posture may cause the operator fatigue or mental tension and error-prone.
??????? (2)制造錯(cuò)誤
??????? ( 2 ) the manufacturing error
??????? 即使設(shè)計(jì)是正確的，假如制造設(shè)備時(shí)發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，也會(huì)成為事故隱患。在生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵性部件和組裝時(shí)，應(yīng)特別留意防止發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤。常見的制造錯(cuò)誤有加工方法不當(dāng)(如用鉚接代替焊接)，加工精度不夠，裝配不當(dāng)，裝錯(cuò)或漏裝了零件，零件未固定或固定不牢。工件上的劃痕、壓痕、工具造成的傷痕以及加工粗糙可能造成用力集中而使設(shè)備在運(yùn)行時(shí)出現(xiàn)故障。
??????? Even if the design is correct, if an error occurs when the manufacturing equipment, will also become the hidden danger of accident. The key component production and assembly, should pay special attention to prevent the occurrence of errors. Error making common processing methods ( such as improper riveting instead of welding, machining precision is not enough ), improper assembly, install the wrong or missing parts, parts are not fixed or not fixed well. The workpiece on the scratch, indentation, and the roughness of tool wound may cause force concentrated and failure occurs at run time the equipment.
??????? (3)安裝錯(cuò)誤
??????? ( 3 ) the installation error
??????? 安裝時(shí)旋轉(zhuǎn)零件不同軸，軸與軸承、齒輪嚙合調(diào)整不好，過緊過松，設(shè)備不水平。地腳螺擰緊，設(shè)備內(nèi)遺留工具、零件、棉紗等，都可能使設(shè)備發(fā)生故障。
??????? When installing the rotating parts of different shaft, shaft and bearing, gear adjustment is not good, not too tight too loose, equipment level. Anchor bolt tightening, equipment, parts, cotton and other legacy tools, can make the equipment failure.
??????? (4)維修錯(cuò)誤
??????? ( 4 ) repair error
??????? 沒有定時(shí)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件加潤滑油，在發(fā)現(xiàn)零部件出現(xiàn)惡化現(xiàn)象時(shí)沒有按維修要求更換零部件，都是維修錯(cuò)誤。當(dāng)設(shè)備大修重新組裝時(shí)，可能會(huì)發(fā)生與新設(shè)備最初組裝時(shí)發(fā)生的類似錯(cuò)誤。安全裝置是維修職員檢驗(yàn)的重點(diǎn)之一。安全裝置失效而未及時(shí)修理，設(shè)備超負(fù)荷運(yùn)行而未制止，設(shè)備帶“病”運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，都屬于維修不良。
??????? No time for lubricating moving parts, found in parts worsened when no repair replacement parts according to requirements, all repair error. When the equipment overhaul re-assembly, similar errors may occur will occur and the new equipment first assembly. Safety device is one of the key repair personnel inspection. Failure without timely repair safety device, overload operation equipment without stop, equipment with "disease " operation, all belong to the repair bad.
??????? 2．治理缺陷
??????? 2 shortcomings in governance
??????? (l)無安全操縱規(guī)程或安全規(guī)程不完善。
??????? ( L ) no safety procedures and safety rules are not perfect.
??????? (2)規(guī)章制度執(zhí)行不嚴(yán)，有章不循。
??????? ( 2 ) not strictly implement of the regulations, not through the chapter.
??????? (3)對(duì)現(xiàn)場工作缺乏檢查或指導(dǎo)錯(cuò)誤。
??????? (3 ) the lack of inspection or guidance error of field work.
??????? (4)勞動(dòng)制度不公道
??????? ( 4 ) the labor system is not reasonable
??????? (5)缺乏監(jiān)視。
??????? ( 5 ) lack of supervision.
??????? 3．教育培訓(xùn)不夠，未經(jīng)培訓(xùn)上崗，操縱者業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)低，缺乏安全知識(shí)和自我保護(hù)能力，不懂安全操縱技術(shù)，操縱技能不熟練，工作時(shí)留意力不集中，工作態(tài)度不負(fù)責(zé)。受外界影響而情緒波動(dòng)，不遵守操縱規(guī)程，都是事故的間接原因。
??????? 3 education and training is not enough, without training, the operator business quality is low, the lack of safety knowledge and self-protection ability, do not understand the security control technology, manipulation of unskilled work, attention is not centered, work attitude is not responsible for. Affected by the environment and mood swings, non-compliance with the rules of operation, is the indirect cause of the accident.
??????? 4．對(duì)安全工作不重視，組織機(jī)構(gòu)不健全，沒有建立或落實(shí)現(xiàn)代安全生產(chǎn)責(zé)任制。沒有或不認(rèn)真實(shí)施事故防范措施，對(duì)事故隱患調(diào)查整改不力。關(guān)鍵是企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不重視。
??????? 4 the safety work of not paying attention, organization is not perfect, not to establish or implement the responsibility system for production safety. No or not seriously implement the accident prevention measures, the rectification of ineffective accidents investigation. The key is the enterprise leaders do not attach importance to.
??????? 三、機(jī)械設(shè)備的防范措施
??????? Three, mechanical equipment preventive measures
??????? 一、危險(xiǎn)性大的設(shè)備
??????? A, dangerous equipment
??????? 根據(jù)事故統(tǒng)計(jì)。我國規(guī)定危險(xiǎn)性比較大、事故率比較高的設(shè)備有：壓力機(jī)、沖床、剪床、壓正機(jī)、壓印機(jī)、木工刨床、木工鋸床、木工造型機(jī)、塑料注射成型機(jī)、煉膠機(jī)、壓磚機(jī)、農(nóng)用脫料機(jī)、紙頁壓光機(jī)、起重設(shè)備、鍋爐、壓力容器、電氣設(shè)備等。
??????? According to the statistics of accident. Our country regulation risk is relatively large, relatively high accident rate of equipment are: Press, punch, shears, press machine, embossing machine, woodworking planer, woodworking, woodworking sawing machine molding machine, plastic injection molding machine, rubber mixing machine, punching machine, agricultural machine, stripping paper calender, lifting equipment, boiler, pressure vessel, electrical equipment, etc..
??????? 這些設(shè)備在出廠前必須配備好安全防護(hù)裝置。
??????? The equipment must be equipped with safety protection device in the factory.
??????? 二、機(jī)械的危險(xiǎn)部位
??????? Two, the dangerous parts of machinery
??????? 操縱職員易于接近的各種可動(dòng)零、部件都是機(jī)械的危險(xiǎn)部位，機(jī)械加工設(shè)備的加工區(qū)也是危險(xiǎn)部位。
??????? The operator easy moving close to zero, parts are all dangerous parts of machinery, processing machinery processing equipment and dangerous position.
??????? 常見的危險(xiǎn)零部位件有：
??????? A common danger zero parts have:
??????? 1.旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。
??????? The 1 rotating shaft.
??????? 2.相對(duì)傳動(dòng)部件如嚙合的明齒輪。
??????? 2 relative transmission components such as the gear meshing.
??????? 3．不連續(xù)的旋轉(zhuǎn)零件，如風(fēng)機(jī)葉片，成對(duì)帶齒滾筒。
??????? 3 discontinuous rotating parts, such as wind turbine blades, paired with roller.
??????? 4.皮帶與皮帶輪，鏈與鏈輪。
??????? 4 the belt and the belt wheel, chain and sprocket.
??????? 5．旋轉(zhuǎn)的砂輪。
??????? The 5 rotating wheel.
??????? 6．活動(dòng)板和固定板之間靠近時(shí)的壓板。
??????? Near the plate between the 6 movable plate and the fixed plate.
??????? 7．往復(fù)式?jīng)_壓工具如沖頭和模具。
??????? 7 reciprocating stamping tools such as a punch and die.
??????? 8．帶狀切割工具如帶鋸。
??????? The 8 strip cutting tools such as band saw.
??????? 9．蝸輪和蝸桿。
??????? 9 the worm and worm.
??????? 10．高速旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的表面如離心機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)鼓。
??????? 10 high-speed rotating parts surface such as centrifuge drum.
??????? 11．聯(lián)接桿與鏈環(huán)之間的夾子。
??????? Clamp between 11 connecting rods and link.
??????? 12．旋轉(zhuǎn)的刀具刃具。
??????? Rotary cutting tool cutting tool 12.
??????? 13．旋轉(zhuǎn)的曲軸和曲柄。
??????? 13 rotating crankshaft and crank.
??????? 14．旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的凸出物，如鍵、定位螺絲。
??????? Projections of 14 rotating parts, such as bond, a positioning screw.
??????? 15．旋轉(zhuǎn)的攪拌機(jī)、攪拌翅。
??????? The stirring wing, 15 rotating mixer.
??????? 16．帶尖角、銳邊或利棱的零部件。
??????? 16 with sharp, sharp edge or arris parts.
??????? 17．鋒利的工具。
??????? 17 sharp tools.
??????? 18．帶有危險(xiǎn)表面的旋轉(zhuǎn)圓筒如脫粒機(jī)。
??????? 18 dangerous surface rotating cylinder as a threshing machine.
??????? 19．運(yùn)動(dòng)皮帶上的金屬接頭(皮帶扣)。
??????? Metal joint 19 movement on the belt ( belt ).
??????? 20．飛輪。
??????? The 20 flywheel.
??????? 21．聯(lián)軸節(jié)上的固定螺絲。
??????? Screw 21 coupling.
??????? 22．過熱過冷的表面。
??????? 22 heat and cold surface.
??????? 23．電動(dòng)工具的痛處。
??????? 23 power tools.
??????? 24．設(shè)備表面上的毛刺、尖角、利棱、凹凸。
??????? 24 equipment on the surface of the burr, sharp corners, edges, and bump.
??????? 25．機(jī)械加工設(shè)備的工作區(qū)。
??????? Mechanical processing equipment 25 work area.
??????? 三、危險(xiǎn)的作業(yè)
??????? Three, dangerous work
??????? 本身具有較大的危險(xiǎn)性的作業(yè)稱為特種作業(yè)、其危險(xiǎn)性和事故率比一般作業(yè)大。包括：
??????? Itself has a very dangerous work known as the special operations, its risk and accident rate than the general operation of large. Include.
??????? 1．電工作業(yè)。
??????? 1 electrical operation.
??????? 2．壓力容器操縱。
??????? 2 pressure vessel operation.
??????? 3．鍋爐司爐。
??????? 3 boiler.
??????? 4．高溫作業(yè)。
??????? 4 high temperature operation.
??????? 5．低溫作業(yè)。
??????? 5 low-temperature operation.
??????? 6．粉塵作業(yè)。
??????? 6 dust.
??????? 7．金屬焊接氣割作業(yè)。
??????? The 7 metal welding gas cutting operation.
??????? 8，起重機(jī)械作業(yè)。
??????? 8, the operation of hoisting machinery.
??????? 9．機(jī)動(dòng)車輛駕駛。
??????? 9 motor vehicle driving.
??????? 10．高處作業(yè)等。
??????? 10 high altitude operation etc..
??????? 特種作業(yè)職員必須經(jīng)過現(xiàn)代安全技術(shù)培訓(xùn)、考核合格后才能上崗操縱。
??????? Special operations personnel must be qualified modern safety technology training, examination after the induction control.
???????