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油氣井管柱完整性技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展與展望

作者:馮耀榮 韓禮紅 張福祥 白真權(quán) 劉文紅  
評(píng)論: 更新日期:2016年09月06日
2.4 基于應(yīng)變的熱采井套管柱設(shè)計(jì)與選材技術(shù)
以彈—塑性變形理論為基礎(chǔ),以應(yīng)變?yōu)橹骺貐?shù),引入均勻延伸率、蠕變速率等技術(shù)指標(biāo),建立了熱采井基于應(yīng)變的套管柱設(shè)計(jì)方法、管材性能指標(biāo)體系、螺紋連接及適用性評(píng)價(jià)方法[27],代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)方法。聯(lián)合開發(fā)了80SH新型套管,制定了4項(xiàng)石油行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。采用常規(guī)固井技術(shù)在新疆油田完成了8口井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),完成7輪注汽后測(cè)井驗(yàn)證,應(yīng)用效果良好。
2.4.1明確了熱采井套管損壞機(jī)理,提出從管柱設(shè)計(jì)入手,預(yù)防套管損壞
熱采井變形、縮徑、斷裂、脫扣的根源是發(fā)生了塑性變形;熱采井套管剪切的重要原因是蒸汽泄漏導(dǎo)致泥巖層膨脹,而泄漏根源是高溫密封失效;以彈塑性理論為依據(jù),建立基于應(yīng)變的套管柱設(shè)計(jì)方法,充分考慮管材塑性變形特征,發(fā)揮材料潛能,保障套管柱全壽命周期使用安全。
2.4.2繼承現(xiàn)有應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)方法,確定套管基本鋼級(jí)
采用三軸強(qiáng)度設(shè)汁,滿足鉆完井套管強(qiáng)度要求。三軸強(qiáng)度校核結(jié)果表明,作業(yè)工況下,管柱承受的載荷均在80%VME應(yīng)力橢圓內(nèi),且整個(gè)管柱載荷線在其安全區(qū)域內(nèi)。
2.4.3提出應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)判據(jù),建立設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)變和許用應(yīng)變確定方法
1)以試驗(yàn)和解析計(jì)算為基礎(chǔ),通過仿真分析,獲得全壽命內(nèi)蠕變應(yīng)變和土壤應(yīng)變,確定管柱設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)變。
ed=et+ec+eb+es+ef<ea=d/F
式中ed為設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)變;et為熱應(yīng)變(解析);ec為蠕變應(yīng)變(仿真);eb為彎曲應(yīng)變(解析);es為土壤應(yīng)變(仿真);ef為屈曲應(yīng)變(解析);ea為許用應(yīng)變;d為均勻延伸率(試驗(yàn));F為安全系數(shù)(大于等于1.5)。
2)以試驗(yàn)為手段,建立材料許用應(yīng)變確定方法。
2.4.4建立了熱采工況模擬試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)方法,評(píng)估管柱服役安全性
2.4.5指導(dǎo)完成了Cr-Mo+微合金中溫低合金耐熱鋼HSTG80SH開發(fā),熱采工況使用性能優(yōu)于國內(nèi)主要熱采套管
2.4.6開展現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證技術(shù)有效性,完善技術(shù)體系
采用常規(guī)固井方式,完成風(fēng)城區(qū)5口井、紅003區(qū)3口井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),完成7輪注汽后測(cè)井,管柱服役狀態(tài)良好。
2.4.7建立了套管柱設(shè)計(jì)、選材、螺紋連接及評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系和熱采井套管柱設(shè)計(jì)程序
①SY/T 6952.1—2014基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱第1部分設(shè)計(jì)方法;②SY/T 6952.2—2013基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱第2部分套管;③SY/T?6952.3—2013基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱??第3部分適用性評(píng)價(jià)方法;④SY/T 6952.4—2014基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱??第4部分套管螺紋連接。圖4為熱采井套管柱設(shè)計(jì)程序。
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3 油氣井管柱完整性的技術(shù)需求與展望
油氣井管柱的完整性對(duì)鉆完井及生產(chǎn)作業(yè)高效、安全及經(jīng)濟(jì)性具有重要影響。通過近20年來的持續(xù)研究和攻關(guān),形成了多項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)并有效支撐了油氣田的發(fā)展。當(dāng)前,我國油氣田勘探開發(fā)的工況環(huán)境發(fā)生了很大變化,“三超”、嚴(yán)重腐蝕、非常規(guī)、特殊工藝和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)井等油氣井管柱服役環(huán)境日趨復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)有技術(shù)仍不能滿足安全與經(jīng)濟(jì)性要求,給油氣井管材與管柱提出了更高的要求。所以,必須持續(xù)發(fā)展油氣井管柱完整性技術(shù),為油氣井管柱服役安全及油田高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)提供技術(shù)支撐。
1)西部深層勘探開發(fā),高鋼級(jí)、大壁厚套管用量持續(xù)增加,山前構(gòu)造、巖鹽層、泥巖層引發(fā)的非均勻載荷,定向井、水平井彎曲載荷及地層載荷,管材不完整性及作業(yè)損傷造成服役性能下降,及與環(huán)境介質(zhì)的協(xié)同作用,導(dǎo)致套管大量失效。以塔里木油田為例[36]:2008—2012年發(fā)生套管失效63井次,其中:鉆井過程失效17口井,磨損4口、變形5口、破裂4口、斷裂3口、脫扣1口。開發(fā)生產(chǎn)過程中套損失效46井次,占73%。塔里木在用套管116種,涉及材質(zhì)5種、鋼級(jí)8種、24種規(guī)格、l9種扣型、廠家7家以上;聯(lián)合開發(fā)了19種高鋼級(jí)套管,但仍不能有效抑制管柱失效。需要持續(xù)完善和發(fā)展套管柱優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與管材選用及完整性評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)。
2)非常規(guī)頁巖氣開發(fā),由于長距離水平井下套管摩阻效應(yīng)、造斜段彎曲載荷效應(yīng)、水平段大載荷多級(jí)壓裂、循環(huán)壓裂引發(fā)的復(fù)雜載荷譜、地層應(yīng)力等綜合作用,套管柱失效頻繁,安全性與經(jīng)濟(jì)性的矛盾突出。以西南油氣田為例[37]:威遠(yuǎn)和長寧氣田長距離水平井段反復(fù)壓裂下套管柱變形問題突出,2013年布置的12口井中8口井套管發(fā)生失效。套管鋼級(jí)從P110至Q125,再到V140,迫于經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,又開始選用Q125;套管扣型先是普通圓螺紋,后改為氣密封特殊螺紋。套管選用技術(shù)需要完善。隨著頁巖氣的大規(guī)模開發(fā),急需建立針對(duì)性的套管柱優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、選材及完整性評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)。
3)西部“三超”高含CO2氣井環(huán)境及壓裂酸化工況復(fù)雜,由于高溫、高壓、復(fù)雜腐蝕介質(zhì)環(huán)境、大載荷壓裂及酸化作業(yè)工藝、反復(fù)開關(guān)井引發(fā)的動(dòng)載效應(yīng)的聯(lián)合作用,油管泄漏和腐蝕嚴(yán)重。以塔里木油田為例[36],近5年油管失效123井次,其中:試油完井過程失效21井次,其中脫扣3次、斷裂4次、接箍開裂12次、本體縱裂1次、本體擠毀2次、腐蝕穿孔3次、絲扣腐蝕3次。其中接箍開裂、油管斷裂占43%。開發(fā)生產(chǎn)過程失效102井次,其中腐蝕穿孔?95次,接箍開裂7次??死瓪馓锏戎攸c(diǎn)區(qū)塊50%以上環(huán)空帶壓,安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著上升,庫存滯留及管材成本壓力巨大。在用油管96種,涉及規(guī)格6種、材質(zhì)7種、鋼級(jí)3種、壁厚12種、扣型9種、廠家7家以上,聯(lián)合開發(fā)了超級(jí)13Cr氣密封油管9種,仍然不能滿足生產(chǎn)需求;油管性能評(píng)價(jià)從二級(jí)提升到四級(jí),仍然不能有效預(yù)防失效。需要深入研究揭示油管的點(diǎn)蝕、應(yīng)力腐蝕機(jī)理、掌握腐蝕規(guī)律和影響因素、研究腐蝕與泄漏的耦合效應(yīng)、密封機(jī)理及影響因素、密封判據(jù),建立優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、選材選型、完整性評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)。
4)在役油氣井管柱在生產(chǎn)和使用過程中產(chǎn)生的各種缺陷及損傷往往使其服役性能偏離原始設(shè)計(jì),復(fù)雜環(huán)境下安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)突顯,失效事故頻發(fā)。全國油氣田套損井比例居高不下,已超過10%;油管腐蝕比較普遍;鉆柱構(gòu)件斷裂頻繁。需要深入研究含缺陷油氣井管柱缺陷檢測(cè)、安全評(píng)價(jià)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、壽命預(yù)測(cè)、維修補(bǔ)強(qiáng)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
5)從油氣井管柱全壽命周期的安全可靠性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性出發(fā),深入開展復(fù)雜工況油氣井管柱完整性技術(shù)研究,建立油氣井管柱完整性管理體系和配套的支撐技術(shù)體系,保障油氣田安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效勘探開發(fā)和長期安全運(yùn)行。
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