2.4 基于應(yīng)變的熱采井套管柱設(shè)計(jì)與選材技術(shù)
以彈—塑性變形理論為基礎(chǔ),以應(yīng)變?yōu)橹骺貐?shù),引入均勻延伸率、蠕變速率等技術(shù)指標(biāo),建立了熱采井基于應(yīng)變的套管柱設(shè)計(jì)方法、管材性能指標(biāo)體系、螺紋連接及適用性評(píng)價(jià)方法[27],代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)方法。聯(lián)合開發(fā)了80SH新型套管,制定了4項(xiàng)石油行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。采用常規(guī)固井技術(shù)在新疆油田完成了8口井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),完成7輪注汽后測(cè)井驗(yàn)證,應(yīng)用效果良好。
2.4.1明確了熱采井套管損壞機(jī)理,提出從管柱設(shè)計(jì)入手,預(yù)防套管損壞
熱采井變形、縮徑、斷裂、脫扣的根源是發(fā)生了塑性變形;熱采井套管剪切的重要原因是蒸汽泄漏導(dǎo)致泥巖層膨脹,而泄漏根源是高溫密封失效;以彈塑性理論為依據(jù),建立基于應(yīng)變的套管柱設(shè)計(jì)方法,充分考慮管材塑性變形特征,發(fā)揮材料潛能,保障套管柱全壽命周期使用安全。
2.4.2繼承現(xiàn)有應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)方法,確定套管基本鋼級(jí)
采用三軸強(qiáng)度設(shè)汁,滿足鉆完井套管強(qiáng)度要求。三軸強(qiáng)度校核結(jié)果表明,作業(yè)工況下,管柱承受的載荷均在80%VME應(yīng)力橢圓內(nèi),且整個(gè)管柱載荷線在其安全區(qū)域內(nèi)。
2.4.3提出應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)判據(jù),建立設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)變和許用應(yīng)變確定方法
1)以試驗(yàn)和解析計(jì)算為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)仿真分析,獲得全壽命內(nèi)蠕變應(yīng)變和土壤應(yīng)變,確定管柱設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)變。
ed=et+ec+eb+es+ef<ea=d/F
式中ed為設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)變;et為熱應(yīng)變(解析);ec為蠕變應(yīng)變(仿真);eb為彎曲應(yīng)變(解析);es為土壤應(yīng)變(仿真);ef為屈曲應(yīng)變(解析);ea為許用應(yīng)變;d為均勻延伸率(試驗(yàn));F為安全系數(shù)(大于等于1.5)。
2)以試驗(yàn)為手段,建立材料許用應(yīng)變確定方法。
2.4.4建立了熱采工況模擬試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)方法,評(píng)估管柱服役安全性
2.4.5指導(dǎo)完成了Cr-Mo+微合金中溫低合金耐熱鋼HSTG80SH開發(fā),熱采工況使用性能優(yōu)于國(guó)內(nèi)主要熱采套管
2.4.6開展現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證技術(shù)有效性,完善技術(shù)體系
采用常規(guī)固井方式,完成風(fēng)城區(qū)5口井、紅003區(qū)3口井現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),完成7輪注汽后測(cè)井,管柱服役狀態(tài)良好。
2.4.7建立了套管柱設(shè)計(jì)、選材、螺紋連接及評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系和熱采井套管柱設(shè)計(jì)程序
①SY/T 6952.1—2014基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱第1部分設(shè)計(jì)方法;②SY/T 6952.2—2013基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱第2部分套管;③SY/T?6952.3—2013基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱??第3部分適用性評(píng)價(jià)方法;④SY/T 6952.4—2014基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的熱采井套管柱??第4部分套管螺紋連接。圖4為熱采井套管柱設(shè)計(jì)程序。
?
3 油氣井管柱完整性的技術(shù)需求與展望
油氣井管柱的完整性對(duì)鉆完井及生產(chǎn)作業(yè)高效、安全及經(jīng)濟(jì)性具有重要影響。通過(guò)近20年來(lái)的持續(xù)研究和攻關(guān),形成了多項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)并有效支撐了油氣田的發(fā)展。當(dāng)前,我國(guó)油氣田勘探開發(fā)的工況環(huán)境發(fā)生了很大變化,“三超”、嚴(yán)重腐蝕、非常規(guī)、特殊工藝和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)井等油氣井管柱服役環(huán)境日趨復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)有技術(shù)仍不能滿足安全與經(jīng)濟(jì)性要求,給油氣井管材與管柱提出了更高的要求。所以,必須持續(xù)發(fā)展油氣井管柱完整性技術(shù),為油氣井管柱服役安全及油田高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)提供技術(shù)支撐。
1)西部深層勘探開發(fā),高鋼級(jí)、大壁厚套管用量持續(xù)增加,山前構(gòu)造、巖鹽層、泥巖層引發(fā)的非均勻載荷,定向井、水平井彎曲載荷及地層載荷,管材不完整性及作業(yè)損傷造成服役性能下降,及與環(huán)境介質(zhì)的協(xié)同作用,導(dǎo)致套管大量失效。以塔里木油田為例[36]:2008—2012年發(fā)生套管失效63井次,其中:鉆井過(guò)程失效17口井,磨損4口、變形5口、破裂4口、斷裂3口、脫扣1口。開發(fā)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中套損失效46井次,占73%。塔里木在用套管116種,涉及材質(zhì)5種、鋼級(jí)8種、24種規(guī)格、l9種扣型、廠家7家以上;聯(lián)合開發(fā)了19種高鋼級(jí)套管,但仍不能有效抑制管柱失效。需要持續(xù)完善和發(fā)展套管柱優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與管材選用及完整性評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)。
2)非常規(guī)頁(yè)巖氣開發(fā),由于長(zhǎng)距離水平井下套管摩阻效應(yīng)、造斜段彎曲載荷效應(yīng)、水平段大載荷多級(jí)壓裂、循環(huán)壓裂引發(fā)的復(fù)雜載荷譜、地層應(yīng)力等綜合作用,套管柱失效頻繁,安全性與經(jīng)濟(jì)性的矛盾突出。以西南油氣田為例[37]:威遠(yuǎn)和長(zhǎng)寧氣田長(zhǎng)距離水平井段反復(fù)壓裂下套管柱變形問(wèn)題突出,2013年布置的12口井中8口井套管發(fā)生失效。套管鋼級(jí)從P110至Q125,再到V140,迫于經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,又開始選用Q125;套管扣型先是普通圓螺紋,后改為氣密封特殊螺紋。套管選用技術(shù)需要完善。隨著頁(yè)巖氣的大規(guī)模開發(fā),急需建立針對(duì)性的套管柱優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、選材及完整性評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)。
3)西部“三超”高含CO2氣井環(huán)境及壓裂酸化工況復(fù)雜,由于高溫、高壓、復(fù)雜腐蝕介質(zhì)環(huán)境、大載荷壓裂及酸化作業(yè)工藝、反復(fù)開關(guān)井引發(fā)的動(dòng)載效應(yīng)的聯(lián)合作用,油管泄漏和腐蝕嚴(yán)重。以塔里木油田為例[36],近5年油管失效123井次,其中:試油完井過(guò)程失效21井次,其中脫扣3次、斷裂4次、接箍開裂12次、本體縱裂1次、本體擠毀2次、腐蝕穿孔3次、絲扣腐蝕3次。其中接箍開裂、油管斷裂占43%。開發(fā)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程失效102井次,其中腐蝕穿孔?95次,接箍開裂7次??死瓪馓锏戎攸c(diǎn)區(qū)塊50%以上環(huán)空帶壓,安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著上升,庫(kù)存滯留及管材成本壓力巨大。在用油管96種,涉及規(guī)格6種、材質(zhì)7種、鋼級(jí)3種、壁厚12種、扣型9種、廠家7家以上,聯(lián)合開發(fā)了超級(jí)13Cr氣密封油管9種,仍然不能滿足生產(chǎn)需求;油管性能評(píng)價(jià)從二級(jí)提升到四級(jí),仍然不能有效預(yù)防失效。需要深入研究揭示油管的點(diǎn)蝕、應(yīng)力腐蝕機(jī)理、掌握腐蝕規(guī)律和影響因素、研究腐蝕與泄漏的耦合效應(yīng)、密封機(jī)理及影響因素、密封判據(jù),建立優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、選材選型、完整性評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)。
4)在役油氣井管柱在生產(chǎn)和使用過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的各種缺陷及損傷往往使其服役性能偏離原始設(shè)計(jì),復(fù)雜環(huán)境下安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)突顯,失效事故頻發(fā)。全國(guó)油氣田套損井比例居高不下,已超過(guò)10%;油管腐蝕比較普遍;鉆柱構(gòu)件斷裂頻繁。需要深入研究含缺陷油氣井管柱缺陷檢測(cè)、安全評(píng)價(jià)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、壽命預(yù)測(cè)、維修補(bǔ)強(qiáng)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
5)從油氣井管柱全壽命周期的安全可靠性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性出發(fā),深入開展復(fù)雜工況油氣井管柱完整性技術(shù)研究,建立油氣井管柱完整性管理體系和配套的支撐技術(shù)體系,保障油氣田安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效勘探開發(fā)和長(zhǎng)期安全運(yùn)行。
?
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]British Standards Institution.PD 6493—1980 Guidance on some methods for the derivation of acceptance levels for defects in fusion welded joints[S].London:BSI,1980.
[2]Japan Welding Engineering Society.JWES 2805—1980 Methods of assessment for defects in fusion welded joints with respect to brittle fracture[S].Tokyo:JWES,1980.
[3]KUMAR V,GERMAN M D,SHIH C F.An engineering approach for elastic plastic fracture analysis[R]//EPRI NP-1931.Palo Alt0:EPRI,1981.
[4]MILNE?I,AINSWORTY R A,DOWLING A R,et al.Assessment of the integrity of structures containing defects[J].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping.1988,32(1/4):3-104.
[5]American Petroleum Institute.API?1104 Welding of pipelines and related facilities,Appendix A,alternative acceptance stand ards for girth welds[S].Washington IX;:API,1988.
[6]International Institute of Welding.Ilw Guidance on assess ment of the fitness-for-purpose of welded structures[R]//?IIW/IIS-SST-ll57-90.Villepinte,F(xiàn)rance:IIW,1990.
[7]Standards Australia.AS3788 1990 Boiler and Pressure vessels-in service inspection[S].Sydney:SA,1990.
[8]British Standards Institution.PD6493-1991?Guidance on some methods for the derivation of acceptance levels for defects in fusion welded joints[S].London:BSI,1991.
[9]ANDERSSON P,BERGMAN M,BRICKSTAD?L,et al.A procedure for safety assessment of components with cracks handbook[J].SKI Report(Swedish Nuclear Power?Inspectorate),1999,31(8):141.
[10]American National Standards Institute.Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines:A?supplement to ASME B31 code for pressure piping[M].Washington DC:ASME,1991.
[11]Canadian Standards Association.Z662-94 0il and gas pipeline system,Appendix K,standards of acceptability for circumferential pipe butt welds based on fracture mechanics principles[S].Toronto:CSA,1994.
[12]American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Section XI:Rules for in-service inspection of nuclear power plant?components//Boiler and Pressure Vessel Coder[M].New York:ASME,1995.
[13]Ameriean Petroleum Institute.RP 579 Recommended?practice for fitness-for-service[S].Washington DC:API,1996.
[14]SINTAP.Structure integrity assessment procedure for European industry project BE 95 1426.Final Procedurer[R].Rotherham:British Steel Report,1999.
[15]壓力容器缺陷評(píng)定規(guī)范編制組.壓力容器缺陷評(píng)定規(guī)范CVDA?1984[J].機(jī)械強(qiáng)度,1985,2(1):1-24.
Defect Assessment of Pressure Vessels Standard Cornpilation Group.Defect assessment of pressure vessels standard CVDA-1984[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,1985,2(1):1-24.
[16]哈爾濱焊接研究所.JB/T5104—1991焊接接頭脆性破壞的評(píng)定[S].哈爾濱:哈爾濱焊接研究所,1991.
Harbin Research Institute of Welding.JB/T5104—1991 Evaluation of the brittle failure of tile welded joint[S].Hatbin:HRIW,1991.
[17]中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局,中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì).GB/T?19624—2004在用含缺陷壓力容器安全評(píng)定[S].北京:中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,2004.
National Standard of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine,Chinese National Standardization Management Committee.GB/T?19624—2004 Safety assessment for in service pressure vessels containing defects[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2004.
[18]BANON H,JOHNSON D V,HILBERT L B.Reliability?Considerations in design of steel and CRA production tubing strings[C]//paper 23483-MS presented at the SPE Health,Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference,11-14 November?1991.the Hague,the Netherlands.New York:SPE,1991.
[19]PAYNE M L,SWANSON J D.Application of probabilistic reliability methods to tubular designs[J].SPE Drilling Engineering,1990,5(4):299-305.
[20]ADAMS A J,WARREN A V R,MASSON P C.On the development of reliability based design rules for casing collapse[C]//paper 48331-MS presented at the SPE Applied Technology Workshop on Risk Based Design of Well Casing and Tubing,7-8 May?1998,the Woodlands,Texas.USA.New York:SPE,1998.
[21]ADAMS A J,HODGSON T.Calibration of casing/tubing design criteria by use of structural reliabilitv techniaues[J].SPE Drilling&Completion,1999,14(1):21-27.
[22]KEILTY I D,RABIA H.Applying quantitative risk assessment to casing design[C]//SPE/IADC Drilling Conference,12-15 March?1996,New Orleans,Louisiana,USA.New York:SPE,1996.
[23]American Petroleum Institute.TR 5C3/IS0 10400—2007 Technique report on equations and calculations for casing or tubing;and performance properties tables for casing and tubing[S].Washington DC:API,2007.
[24]American Petroleum Institute.TR 5C5/ISO?13679:2002 Recommended practice on procedures for testing casing and tubing connections[S].Washington DC:API,2002.
[25]李鶴林.“石油管工程”的研究領(lǐng)域、初步成果與展望[M].北京:石油工業(yè)出版社,1999:1-10.
LI Helin.The research scope,primary achievements and prospect of“Oilfield Tubular Engineering”[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1999:1-10.
[26]張平生,韓曉毅,羅衛(wèi)國(guó),等.鉆桿適用性評(píng)價(jià)及其軟件[M]//石油管工程應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究論文集.北京:石油工業(yè)出版社,2001.
ZHANG Pingsheng,HAN Xiaoyi,LUO Weiguo,et al.Fitness-for-service assessment of drill pipe and software[M]//Fundamental research papers on the engineering?application of oil country tubular goods.Beijing:Petroleum?Industry Press,2001.
[27]中國(guó)石油天然氣集團(tuán)公司石油管工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室.油井管柱完整性技術(shù)研究[R].西安:中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)石油管工程技術(shù)研究院,2014.
CNPC Key Laboratory for Petroleum Tubular Goods Engineering.Research on petroleum tubular string integrity technology[R].Xi¢an:CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute,2014.
[28]馮耀榮.油井管柱的完整性與完整性管理[C]//中國(guó)石油學(xué)會(huì)石油管材專業(yè)委員會(huì)第三屆非API油井管工程國(guó)際研討會(huì).西安:中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)石油管工程技術(shù)研究院,2010.
FENG Yaorong.The integrity of petroleum tubular string and integrity management[C]//The 3rd?Lternational Symposium on Non API Oil Well Pipe Engineering organized by the Petroleum Tubular Goods Committee of Chinese Petroleum Society.Xi¢an:CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute,2010.
[29]馮耀榮.石油管失效分析預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)防與完整性[C]//中國(guó)石油學(xué)會(huì)石油管材專業(yè)委員會(huì)石油管材與裝備失效分析和預(yù)防研討會(huì).西安:中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)石油管工程技術(shù)研究院,2011.
FENG Yaorong.The Failure Analysis Predictil)n&Prevention of Petroleum Tubular Goods and Integrity[C]//Seminar of analysis on and Prevention of oil pipes and equipments failures organized??by the Petroleum?Tubular Goods Committee of Chinese Petroleum Society.Xi¢an:CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute,2011.
[30]馮耀榮,楊龍,李鶴林.石油管失效分析預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)防與完整性管理[J].金屬熱處理,2011,36(增刊1):15-16.
FENG Yaorong,YANG Long,LI Helin.Failu re analysis prediction&prevention and integrity managem ent for Petroleum tubular goods[J].Heat Treatment?of Metals.2011,36(S1):15-16.
[31]馮耀榮.“三超”氣井油套管柱的完整性[C]//塔里木油田“三超”氣井井筒完整性國(guó)際研討會(huì).庫(kù)爾勒:中國(guó)石油塔里木油田公司,2011.
FENG Yaorong.The integrity of tubing and casing string?for ultra deep/high temperature/high pressure gas wells[C]//Integrity International Symposium of the Wellbore?Integrity of Ultra-deep/High Temperature/High Pressure Gas Wells in the Tarim Oilfield.Kurle:PetroChina Tarim Oiifield Company,2011.
[32]馮耀榮.對(duì)塔里木“三超”氣井管柱完整性的認(rèn)識(shí)與建議[C]//塔里木油田庫(kù)車前陸沖斷帶“三超”氣井井筒完整性技術(shù)研討會(huì).庫(kù)爾勒:中國(guó)石油塔里木油田公司,2012.
FENG Yaorong.The understanding and suggestions on integrity of tubular string for Tarim ultra deep/aigh temperature/high pressure gas wells[C]//Seminlr on the?Wellbore Integrity of Ultra deep/High Temperature/High Pressure Gas Wells in the Kuqa Foreland Basin Belt.Kurle:PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company,2012.
[33]中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì).SY/T 6719—2008含缺陷鉆桿適用性評(píng)價(jià)方法[S].北京:石油工業(yè)出版社,2008.
National Development and Reform Commission.SY/T 6719—2008 Practice for fitness-for service assessment of drill pipe containing defects[S].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2008.
[34]中國(guó)石油天然氣集團(tuán)公司石油管工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室.復(fù)雜工況下鉆柱安全性關(guān)鍵因素研究[R].西安:中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)石油管工程技術(shù)研究院,2007.
CNPC Key Laboratory for Petroleum Tubular Goods Engineering.Research on drill string safety key factors under complicated condition[R].Xi¢an:CNPC Tubular Goods?Research Institute,2007.
[35]中國(guó)石油天然氣集團(tuán)公司石油管工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室.復(fù)雜工況鉆柱構(gòu)件優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)及安全可靠性技術(shù)[R].西安:中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)石油管工程技術(shù)研究院,2009.
CNPC Key Laboratory for Petroleum Tubular Goods Engineering.Research on optimizing design of drill stem elements and safety reliability technology under cL,replicated condition[R].Xi¢an:CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute,2009.
[36]呂拴錄.塔里木油田油套管失效分析及預(yù)防[C]//塔里小油田井筒完整性會(huì)議.庫(kù)爾勒:中國(guó)石油塔里木油田公司,2013.
LYU Shuanlu.Failure analysis and prevention of tubing and casing used in Tarim Oilfield[C]//Conference on Wellbore Integrity in the Tarim Oilfield.Kurle:FetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company,2013.
[37]曾凡坤.威遠(yuǎn)??長(zhǎng)寧頁(yè)巖氣水平井套損情況[C]//中國(guó)石油集團(tuán)公司頁(yè)巖氣井套管變形專題研討會(huì).成都:中國(guó)石油川慶鉆探工程公司,2014.
ZENG Fankun.Casing failures of Weiyuan Changning shale horizontal wells[C]//CNPC Symposium on Shale Gas Well Casing Deformation.Chengdu:CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co,Ltd.,2014.
?
???